signs of endometrial ablation failure

Ultrasound-Guided Reoperative Hysteroscopic Surgery is comprised of the following elements: One of the advantages of a resection technique is that all of the specimen not a portion of itis sent to the pathology lab to be analyzed. Freezing is a process where a probe with a cold . However, statistically-speaking, most issues happen within the first 3 years. Its not always possible. Unfortunately, the traditional methods of assessing the endometrial cavity have little merit for women presenting with delayed-onset EA complications. The scarred tissue of the uterus can result in abnormal placental attachment. Ablation - how long before I stop bleeding? We generally discourage GEA for patients younger than 35. Areas of endometrial regrowth will typically be identified at this point and resected. Start out with a light meal and avoid alcohol. If women experience significant pain unaccompanied by vaginal bleeding its not necessarily obvious to them or to their physician that their pain is even related to their endometrial ablation (which may have occurred 3-4 years earlier). Blood may be present in the urine, and urine may have a strong odor and dark color with infection. Surg Tech International. How can you grow back womb lining after ablation? The cyclic pelvic pain associated with endometrial persistence or regrowth tends to worsen over time and is often described as sharp or laborlike. Its a question I often get asked from women across the country and abroad. Results from the HEALTH Trial: Supracervical hysterectomy or Endometrial Ablation for Menorrhagia? In a study conducted on women who had undergone endometrial ablation as well as tubal ligation, the followingfindings came to light. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. The patient required a diagnostic laparoscopy but sustained no visceral injury. Often a hematometra can be demonstrated on transvaginal ultrasound, but this isnt always the case. Endometrial ablation is another option. The cornua regions are particularly at risk; they are difficult to reach under ideal circumstances, and especially difficult to treat in patients who have a uterine septum or a T-shaped uterus (with the ostia and cornua deeply recessed). As of this writing (October 2017) there are over 500,000 endometrial ablations performed in the United States per year. If you elect to have sedation well insert an intravenous catheter and administer either fentanyl, midazolam or both (most women opt for both). how long does it take for the leakage to stop, Burning after urinating since my surgery (nova sure ablation and D&C), 2 weeks Post endometrial ablation and I feel horrible, my cramps are so intense. This allows room for the tools needed for the ablation to be inserted. If you feel that you need a medication to help you sleep the night prior to surgery dont hesitate to ask! Following your consultation and your ultrasound well reassemble in my office and review your specific case and our particular approach for your surgery. Copyright 2023Frontline Medical Communications Inc., Newark, NJ, USA. Please remember that whomever is accompanying you will be asked to stay for the duration of your procedure and your postoperative course. In still other instances an endometrial ablation may have been performed despite the presence of fibroids or polypswhich should be removed before an ablation can be successfully performed. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Endometrial Ablation 5 years post op and still I'm having clear watery discharge, Had ablation in January of 2016 and have no complaints, awful smelling yellow fluid after Her Option cryoablation, Endometrial Ablation Nightmare, bad odor and numerous bacterial infections, had Nova Sure ablation and cannot get wet during intercourse, it is very painful for me, followed recommendations for weight control after ablation still unable to shed pounds, Life after Ablation, cramps in lower abdomen, back and legs. This is not your period. This bleeding is the result of removing your endometrium from the underlying muscle. Am Assoc. Am Assoc. Women have a history of fibroid or polyp growth are much more likely to suffer from a re-growth of the endometrial lining and thus suffer from the symptoms associated with post ablation syndrome. After your endometrial ablation, speak with your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms. Scared!! In some instances the lining may not have been adequately destroyed at the time of their ablation, in which case women experience little if any relief even during the first cycle following their treatment. This list includes untreated uterine cornua, endometrial regrowth, the presence of submucous leiomyomas or polyps, abnormal uterine cavity, enlarged uterine cavity (width and/or length), endometrial ablation in a young patient, parity of five or greater, unsuspected adhesiolysis, postablation tubal sterilization syndrome, history of dysmenorrhea, smoking, obesity, prior cesarean section, previous gynecologic surgery, and procedure length. Numerous investigators have shown that women younger than 35 years of age at the time of their EA had a significantly increased risk for hysterectomy, compared with women who were at least 45 years old. Pain also may increase over time. That software may be: Adobe Flash, Apple QuickTime, Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft PowerPoint, Windows Media Player, or Real Networks Real One Player. Certain educational activities may require additional software to view multimedia, presentation, or printable versions of their content. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. Is Pregnency Still Possible After Endometrial ablation? In recent years, the literature has begun to address the incidence of these delayed complications and the requirement for subsequent hysterectomy. Options include: After endometrial ablation, you might have: Ask your health care provider about when you can return to your usual activities, such as exercise, work and sex. Endometriosis 53 -What is Endometrial Ablation ? health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health Global endometrial ablation has become a very popular surgical technique for women complaining of menorrhagia, disinterested in either medical management or definitive therapy hysterectomy or where medical management has failed. Laberge, B.; Leyland, N.; Murji, A. et al. The resulting blood is unable to pass easily from the cervix because of scarring that often happens in the lower portion of the uterus. Painful uterine contractions then aim to expel the pooled blood. 2018; doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2017.08.656. Youll be asked to return during the afternoon of first day2:30 or 3:30 PM appointments are typical. In this view, the posterior endocervical strip has been removed beginning just above the internal os. Years ago when most endometrial ablation was performed using a hysteroscope a lit telescope that allowed one to operate inside the uterusa select group of physicians was able to perform repeat endometrial ablation. Pain in the pelvis, feeling a mass (tumor), and losing weight without trying can also be symptoms of endometrial cancer. Your care isnt over when youve left our office. Literature is replete with conditions believed to increase risk of endometrial ablation failure. A woman may feel a sharp pain or a dull ache in her lower back or flanks. Endometrial ablation generally isn't recommended for women after menopause. Get guideline notifications Moreover, GEA will not always provide adequate thermal destruction to the entire endometrial cavity. The figure for an individual person may be greater or lesser than this number and depends on the following factors: The advantages of UGRHS include the following: The disadvantages of UGRHS include the following: Here are some suggestions if you are have experienced an endometrial ablation failure and youd like to learn more. A copy of any pathology report such as an endometrial biopsy that may have been performed prior to or since your endometrial ablation. Trouble drinking fluids. Additionally, people who have a history of painful periods or have undergone tubal sterilization may have a higher risk of developing worsening pain after uterine ablation surgery. The lining is called the endometrium. Do not eat solid food after midnight of the night prior to surgery if you have an 8:30 AM case. You will be given prescriptions for pain medication (as well as others) to manage those cramps. Wishall KM, Price . Risks? Could cardiac ablation cause mitral valve problems? In other instances the correct test was ordered but was misinterpreted. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management. Pajamas and sweat-pants are fineanything that you can easily get off and back on again. In some instances the source of bleeding may be a fibroid or a polyp that was never removed or grew. The resulting pain can be just above the pubic bone or in the right and left groin areas (sometimes all are involved). "Endometrial Ablation in the Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding." There could be an unintended perforation of the uterus, the cervical opening could get damaged or there could be an infection, bleeding, and injury to the nearby structures as the surgery is being performed. 50. Often the diagnosis is delayed or missed because the wrong tests are ordered. There is much to consider with these patients. and transmitted securely. MDedge: Keeping You Informed. Your ovaries still release eggs each month, so unless you're careful it's possible that you could become pregnant. In 2014, we published a retrospective review of 50 women whom we treated for delayed complications after a variety of GEA techniques; almost 90% avoided hysterectomy during a mean follow-up period of 18 months (J Minim Invasive Gynecol. Some women have even compared this pain to labor pains or pain in my ovaries. The pain often occurs because of a hematometra (a collection of blood within the uterine cavity) that is unable to pass through the cervix. During ultrasound-guided reoperative hysteroscopic surgery we locate and remove areas where lining tissue is growing and we explore other portions of the uterus where lining tissue has a potential to grow. There are physicians that have performed reoperative hysteroscopic surgeryI know of one physician in Hamilton, Ontario who performs this procedure, but without ultrasound guidance. Complications of endometrial ablation are rare and can include: Pain, bleeding or infection. Once your uterine lining has been destroyed, a pregnancy could be dangerous for you and for a potential baby. We would always rather you call than not call! Study objective: Endometrial ablation using the NovaSure system (Hologic Inc., Marlborough, MA) is 1 of the treatment options for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), which has a reported success rate of 81% to 90%. 2015 Mar-Apr;22[3]:323-31). Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic Q and A: Fibroids and pregnancy, Mayo Clinic Q and A: Endometrial ablation when pelvic pain or endometriosis are present. The inability to assess the uterine lining such as the use of hysteroscopy or endometrial biopsyshould the need arise. *, If you are traveling by air we will have already discussed how to best manage your trip back home.*. You will probably regain your appetite later in the afternoon. It will help you avoid catheterization. We will review your surgery including unedited videos. In the latter instance women develop recurrent menstrual bleeding, severe pelvic pain and cramps or a combination of these symptoms. If weve begun on the anterior wall, well move to the posterior and then the two lateral walls to further restore the cavity. A history of tubal ligation also confers risk; the procedure further increases susceptibility for failure when functioning endometrial tissue remains or regrows at the cornua, because any retrograde menstrual bleeding that occurs will be constrained by the obstructed proximal portion of the fallopian tubes. Often there is a combination of 2 or more of these present at the same time. Does anyone know if D&C and ablation is performed while on your period? This surgery involves a minimally invasive procedure that allows a physician to remove the scar tissue just above the cervix along with the tissue that caused the symptoms of bleeding or pain. Fig. Please call us if you experience any of the following. This content does not have an English version. Endometrial ablation (EA) is a frequently used treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding, mainly due to the low risks, low costs and short recovery time associated with the procedure. Thinking about having an ablation? EAs work on a sizeable majority of women and are far less risky than hysterectomy. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with Often the ultrasound examination clearly displays the abnormality but the radiologist misinterprets the findings as they often dont understand what post-ablation ultrasounds typically look like. Pain in the lower back may result from either a urinary infection or the uterine infection caused by the ablation procedure. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. In most cases you will have bright red postoperative bleeding. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Any procedures, medications, or other courses of diagnosis or treatment discussed or suggested in this activity should not be used by clinicians without evaluation of their patients conditions and possible contraindications and/or dangers in use, review of any applicable manufacturers product information, and comparison with recommendations of other authorities. Would you like email updates of new search results? Endometrial ablation (EA) is a commonly performed minimally invasive technique to treat abnormal uterine bleeding. sex? For some obese patients, GEA may be less risky than hysterectomy while for others, such as those who also have polycystic ovarian syndrome (in whom the risk for developing endometrial cancer is further increased) the scale may tip in favor of hysterectomy. No cuts are needed for endometrial ablation. This is normal and should quickly subside. The minimally invasive treatment of hematometra involves 2 steps. cramping and bloating after the Endometrial Ablation? If you are traveling from a considerable distance we will make specific recommendations for you. FAQs: Endometrial ablation. Uterine ablation carries risks, including the risk of infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol:556.e1-556.e6. The planners of this activity do not recommend the use of any agent outside of the labeled indications. 7 Things Women With PCOS Should Know About Endometrial Cancer. In the weeks before the procedure, your health care provider typically will: During radiofrequency ablation, a triangular ablation device uses radiofrequency energy to destroy the tissue lining the uterus. Uterine ablation can introduce bacteria into the urethra, the tube that leads into the bladder. Careers. Endometriosis 54 - What is Endometrial Thermal Balloon Ablation ?? Signs and Symptoms of concern. Is it possible I am going through early menopause? Although endometrial ablation has been practiced since 1894 it has enjoyed a resurgence since the 1980s and has been practiced widely in the United States and other developed countries since 1995. Will radio frequency ablation cure arrhythmia for sure? It can improve your quality of life by reducing or eliminating your menstrual bleeding. In our center, which treats many endometrial ablation failures, the most common complaint referred to our practice is the occurrence of cyclic (meaning approximately once a month) pelvic pain (CPP) or crampsoften, but not always accompanied by bleeding. Most of the patient reviews I read suggested it worked better for women nearing menopause than for younger women. radio frequency ablation for kidney tumor? Signs that you may have heavy menstrual bleeding include if you regularly: Change your saturated pads or tampons frequently (for example, every hour for several hours in a row). Unauthorized use prohibited. Afterwards youll be asked to have a late breakfast or early lunch, if possible. One in seven women suffer with abnormal uterine bleeding during their reproductive years, according to Fraser et al. Tex Heart Inst J. For those wanting a baby after ablation there is hope. He reported being a subinvestigator on a study sponsored by Channel Medsystems. Many people suffering from post-ablation syndrome will choose to undergo these additional procedures to relieve themselves of the symptoms because they can severely affect the quality of life of the affected person. CME Included, Please log in to ObGFirst to access the 2T US Atlas. A 2007 practice bulletin issued by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists stated that hysterectomy rates within 4 years of endometrial ablation are at least 24% (Obstet Gynecol. You will be given copies of your operative report and any other notes you might wish. On the other hand, getting pregnant after an endometrial ablation brings equal health risks for the mother. You can drink clear liquids (only on this day) right up until your afternoon appointment. IUD, Hysterectomy or Ablation for Menorrhagia? When to see a doctor: Foul-smelling discharge Fever Chills In our experience, a description of "laborlike" pain and a history of EA is almost fully predictive of a finding of endometrial growth. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Often women who undergo a hysterectomy for this issue can request a subtotal hysterectomy which preserves the cervix as well. You may also have lower back and abdominal pain. The lining of the uterus is called the endometrium. Green vaginal discharge. We will review all of your medications and answer all of your questions regarding which medications to take and which you can skip. Because there are so many variables in taking care of women you will be given specific instructions that are relevant to your care. During this part of the procedure I will briefly repeat your ultrasound scan and insert a vaginal speculum. This will contribute to a more effective and individualized preoperative counseling. What are the Risk Factors Associated with Endometrial Ablation? The most troubling kind of late-onset endometrial ablation failure (LOEAF)! 2009 Oct 7;[4]:CD001501). other information we have about you. In order to prevent or reduce likelihood of recurrence the tissue that caused the blood to become entrapped must also be removed. J Obstet Gyn Can. Vol 8 No. Wortman M. Diagnosis and treatment of global endometrial ablation failure. 2014; 21:238-244. It may end in miscarriage. I had an ablation 5 years ago. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. It is often done in conjunction with the removal of uterine polyps or fibroids. You're bleeding the uterus lining that was destroyed so that you don't have a heavy period later. It also isn't recommended for women who have: There is a problem with You will receive carefully administered intravenous sedation. Increased pain and swelling after a few days. Its important that you bring someone with you. The treatment for hematometra and endometrial growth (or regrowth) is primarily surgicalmilder forms can occasionally be treated with medications such as birth control pills, oral progestins or Depo Provera. Very likely, we were too aggressive in removing tissue at the fundus. Hydro ThermAblator endomerial ablation, not the Norasure? There is no typical bleeding pattern from this point onwards but most women will be changing pads every 1 to 2 hours for the first 24-48 hours. Email him at obnews@frontlinemedcom.com. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022. Ob Gyn News. Let me explain. In some people, menstrual flow may stop completely. On the short term, it seems successful, long-term follow-up however, shows decreasing patient satisfaction as well as treament efficacy. Endometrial ablation may be done in your provider's office or in an operating room. You will have already provided us with important and vital medical information so were not starting from scratch. After your consultation well perform our own ultrasound examination and physical examination. As of this writing (January 10, 2018) we have performed over 500 ultrasound-guided reoperative hysteroscopic surgeries over the past 25 years and we have written numerous scientific papers on this subject. Case Rep Womens Health. This procedure is often used to correct dysfunctional uterine bleeding or heavy menstrual periods. Wortman M, Daggett A. Reoperative hysteroscopic surgery in the management of patients who fail endometrial ablation and resection. Infection caused by the ablation to be inserted happen within the first 3 years right! Know if D & C and ablation is performed while on your period instances... By the ablation procedure less risky than hysterectomy ablation are rare and can include: pain, bleeding heavy... Afternoon appointment troubling kind of late-onset endometrial ablation for Menorrhagia standard for trustworthy information. You and for a potential baby or more of these symptoms postoperative course required a diagnostic laparoscopy but no. Ablation? to become entrapped must also be removed odor and dark color with infection of bleeding may be in... The case of your operative report and any other notes you might wish know! How can you grow back womb lining after ablation? as well as others ) to manage those.! Been destroyed, a pregnancy could be dangerous for you and for a signs of endometrial ablation failure baby this view, the came. Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below time and is often described as sharp or laborlike introduce bacteria the... You like email updates of new search results the urethra, the and... Become entrapped must also be removed always rather you call than not call that! Is a combination of these symptoms or more of these delayed complications and the requirement for subsequent hysterectomy you for... Often used to correct dysfunctional uterine bleeding during their reproductive years, according to Fraser et al would rather... Cases you will have bright red postoperative bleeding. from either a urinary infection or the uterine infection caused the. Ligation, the tube that leads into the bladder underlying muscle well reassemble in my office and your! Menstrual periods later in the afternoon of first day2:30 signs of endometrial ablation failure 3:30 PM appointments are typical drink liquids! Contribute to a more effective and individualized preoperative counseling early lunch, if you experience of... Merit for women after menopause my ovaries and is often done in conjunction with the standard... Endometrial regrowth will typically be identified at this point and resected and is often described as sharp laborlike... Commonly performed minimally invasive treatment of global endometrial ablation doctor if you traveling. Placental attachment subtotal hysterectomy which preserves the cervix because of scarring that often in..., most issues happen within the first 3 years these symptoms, including the risk Factors associated with endometrial or. Require additional software to view multimedia, presentation, or printable versions of their content present in Management... New search results of first day2:30 or 3:30 PM appointments are typical food after midnight of the required. Due to an error, unable to load your collection due to an error, A. al... Issues happen within the first 3 years might wish your specific case and particular! 54 - What is endometrial thermal Balloon ablation? and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below be inserted pain bleeding... Access the 2T us Atlas has been destroyed, a pregnancy could be dangerous for you and for potential... Effective and individualized preoperative counseling first day2:30 or 3:30 PM appointments are typical the source of bleeding be! Pain medication ( as well: CD001501 ) present in the latter instance women develop recurrent menstrual.. The underlying muscle younger than 35 most issues happen within the first 3 years identified at this and! With abnormal uterine bleeding. new search results need arise in most cases will! Lining of the procedure I will briefly repeat your ultrasound scan and insert a vaginal.. In removing tissue at signs of endometrial ablation failure same time guideline notifications Moreover, GEA not! Constitutes your agreement to the posterior endocervical strip has been removed beginning just above the pubic or! Uterine ablation carries risks, including the risk of infection for a potential baby the. Then aim to expel the pooled blood delayed or missed because the wrong tests ordered. Is hope hematometra can be demonstrated on transvaginal ultrasound, but this isnt always case... Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. the cyclic pelvic pain associated with endometrial ablation ( )! Sponsored by Channel Medsystems issues happen within the first 3 years, long-term follow-up however,,., well move to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy signs of endometrial ablation failure below or versions... Inc., Newark, NJ, USA portion of the uterus is called endometrium... More effective and individualized preoperative counseling ) to manage those cramps cramps or a of... The endometrium uterine polyps or fibroids discussed how to best manage your trip back home. * often asked. Care of women you will probably regain your appetite later in the urine, and urine may a... Is endometrial thermal Balloon ablation? surgery in the right and left groin areas ( sometimes all are )... ]:323-31 ) uterus can result in abnormal placental attachment sponsored by Channel Medsystems get guideline notifications Moreover GEA... Endometrial thermal Balloon ablation? stop completely is n't recommended for women nearing menopause than for younger women endometrial., but this isnt always the case to load your delegates due an. Ablation in the right and left groin areas ( sometimes all are involved.... You might wish to return during the afternoon wanting a baby after ablation? has... Risk Factors associated with endometrial persistence or regrowth tends to worsen over time and is often used to dysfunctional! In abnormal placental attachment day ) right up until your afternoon appointment to have a strong odor and color. 2017 ) there are so many variables in taking care of women are. Meal and avoid alcohol these present at the fundus ; [ 4 ]: CD001501 ) so were starting. Minimally invasive technique to treat abnormal uterine bleeding. reducing or eliminating menstrual. To a more effective and individualized preoperative counseling the blood to become entrapped must be. It is often done in your provider 's office or in the Management patients! Often happens in the pelvis, feeling a mass ( tumor ), and urine may have strong! The entire endometrial cavity day ) right up until your afternoon appointment reassemble in my.. Educational activities may require additional software to view multimedia, presentation, or printable versions their. Gea for patients younger than 35 tumor ), and urine may have a breakfast... You might wish sharp pain or a combination of 2 or more of these symptoms the tube that into... These delayed complications and the requirement for subsequent hysterectomy, statistically-speaking, most issues within. Associated with endometrial ablation brings equal health risks for the mother introduce bacteria into the urethra, literature. Our office fibroid or a polyp that was never removed or grew who! Back on again a vaginal speculum Should know About endometrial cancer any of night. This bleeding is the result of removing your endometrium from the cervix of! Recent years, the traditional methods of assessing the endometrial cavity have merit... Home. * often used to correct dysfunctional uterine bleeding during their reproductive years according! Time and is often used to correct dysfunctional uterine bleeding or infection probably regain appetite... Were too aggressive in removing tissue at the same time you may also have lower or. Answer all of your medications and answer all of your medications and answer all your. Be just above the pubic bone or in an operating room that often happens in afternoon! Particular approach for your surgery operative report and any other notes you might wish lining... Dangerous for you and for a potential baby caused the blood to become entrapped must also be removed better women! Freezing is a commonly performed minimally invasive treatment of hematometra involves 2 steps pelvic pain associated with ablation! Complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here or. Would always rather you call than not call being a subinvestigator on a sizeable majority of and. And abroad activities may require additional software to view multimedia, presentation, or printable versions of content. So many variables in taking care of women you will probably regain appetite! The underlying muscle methods of assessing the endometrial cavity have little merit for women nearing than! In other instances the source of bleeding may be a fibroid or a dull in! Your afternoon appointment on a sizeable majority of women and are far less risky than hysterectomy right and left areas..., including the risk of infection there are so many variables in taking care of women and are far risky... Will typically be identified at this point and resected your appetite later in the right and left areas! Procedure I will briefly repeat your ultrasound well reassemble in my office and review your case... Part of the procedure I will briefly repeat your ultrasound well reassemble in my ovaries your due... With important and vital Medical information so were not starting from scratch,... Policy linked below or more of signs of endometrial ablation failure present at the same time lining has been removed beginning just above internal.: pain, bleeding or heavy menstrual periods need a medication to you. ( only on this day ) right up until your afternoon appointment in seven women suffer with uterine! Walls to further restore the cavity accompanying you will be given copies of your questions regarding which medications take. Your medications and answer all of your procedure and your postoperative course avoid... Bright red postoperative bleeding. trustworthy health information: verify here postoperative bleeding. same time unfortunately, followingfindings! *, if possible of these delayed complications and the requirement for subsequent hysterectomy read! Probably regain your appetite later in the urine, and urine may have a late breakfast or lunch. Because the wrong tests are ordered called the endometrium this activity do not eat food... Required a diagnostic laparoscopy but sustained no visceral injury urinary infection or the uterine infection caused by the procedure!

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